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Different Approaches to the Book of Revelation

Julian Spriggs M.A.

Related articles

Introduction to the Book of Revelation Four main views of Revelation
Structure of the book Main Characters in the book
Virtual Seven Churches Jesus the Lamb
Allusions to the Old Testament
Millennium Rapture and tribulation

Commentary

I: Prologue (1:1-8) II: Letters to seven churches (1:9 - 3:22)
III: Seven Seals (4:1 - 8:1) IV: Seven trumpets (8:2 - 11:18)
V: Seven signs (11:19 - 15:4) VI: Seven Bowls (15:5 - 16:21)
VII: Prostitute / Babylon (17:1 - 19:10) VIII: Seven judgements (19:11 - 21:8)
IX: Bride / Jerusalem (21:9 - 22:9) X: Epilogue (22:10-21)

Introduction

Through the centuries of church history there have been a great variety of different approaches to the study and interpretation of the Book of Revelation. They fall generally into the following four categories:

Futurist all describing future events
Preterist all about historical events in the first century
Historicist predicting specific events of church history
Spiritual describing the timeless spiritual battle, not historical events

Futurist

Since the nineteenth century this has been the most popular view. It claims that all the book after chapter three describes future events, during 'end times'. The book tends to be taken chronologically and literally unless that is unavoidable.

It divides the book into three sections, based on, “Write what you have seen, what is, and what is to take place after this.” (1:19). “What you have seen” is the vision of Christ in the first chapter. “What is” are the letters to the seven churches (ch 2-3), and “what is to take place after this” are the events of end times, beginning with the rapture, through the seven-year tribulation, to the millennium and the new heaven and new earth (ch 4-22). It teaches that the rapture of the church is represented by John being taken up to heaven (4:2), so chapters four to nineteen take place during the seven-year tribulation. The second coming is described in 19:11, which is followed by the millennium (ch 20). So this view is normally pre-millennial, with a pre-tribulation rapture.

Various historical and political events of the twentieth century were used to support this view, including the cold war between the capitalist and communist worlds, the re-establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and the return of many Jews to their homeland. These events are seen as being in literal fulfilment of many predictions made by the prophets.

The disadvantage of this view is that it effectively makes most of the book largely irrelevant to John’s original readers in Asia, and to everyone who has lived since then. It also fails to recognise the apocalyptic style of literature by imposing an over-literal interpretation of the symbols. It also tends to overlook the parts of the book which are not in chronological order, like the descriptions of the final judgement and the second coming of Jesus early in the book.

However Revelation does speak a great deal about the future. It certainly predicts the second coming of Christ, describes the events of the final judgement, and the establishment of a new heaven and new earth.

Preterist

In this view, most of, or the whole book, is understood to be only describing events of the first century. Preterists often divide the book into two parts by the statement at the end of chapter ten, “You must prophesy again about many peoples and nations and languages and peoples” (10:11). Before this, the visions are predicting the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70, and after this they describe the fall of the Roman empire. Supporters of this view will therefore date the book during the reign of Nero or shortly afterwards, but before AD 70. This interpretation would give the book greater relevance to the original readers, to show them that their two persecutors: the Jews and the Roman empire, will be destroyed. This interpretation becomes more relevant to John’s first readers, but tends to ignore or spiritualise the clear descriptions of the second coming of Christ, the final judgement and the new heavens and earth. Many modern preterist interpreters are post-millennial.

Historicist

In this view, the book is believed to predict the whole course of church history between the first and second comings of Christ. Different visions in Revelation predict specific events in church history. For example: the opening of the seven seals represents the break-up of the Roman empire, the locusts are the Muslim invasion, and the beast is the papacy. This view was widely held during the Protestant Reformation, but very few people teach it today. Its big disadvantage is the lack of any objective way to determine which historical events are being predicted, leading to many different conflicting interpretations. Most of the Reformers held an amillennial view of end-times.

Spiritual or idealist

This view says that the book merely describes the eternal conflict between the forces of good and evil, and that good will finally overcome because of Jesus’s death on the cross. The martyrs will be vindicated and the forces of darkness will come under judgement. In this view nothing in the book speaks about actual historical events, so it not limited to one particular time in history. This makes the book easier to understand, but ignores the reality that John almost certainly did have a specific historical persecution in mind when he wrote to the seven churches.

Conclusion

It is probably best to use a combination of the different approaches. The risen Jesus commanded John to send the book to real churches in the first century, so it was intended to be relevant to them. This would mean that the beasts probably did represent a specific evil power in John’s own time. However it also portrays the on-going battle between good and evil, showing us that ultimate victory does belong to God and the Lamb. It does also speak about the future, telling us that Jesus will return and establish his kingdom, when the forces of darkness will finally be destroyed.

Related articles

Introduction to the Book of Revelation Four main views of Revelation
Structure of the book Main Characters in the book
Virtual Seven Churches Jesus the Lamb
Allusions to the Old Testament
Millennium Rapture and tribulation

Commentary

I: Prologue (1:1-8) II: Letters to seven churches (1:9 - 3:22)
III: Seven Seals (4:1 - 8:1) IV: Seven trumpets (8:2 - 11:18)
V: Seven signs (11:19 - 15:4) VI: Seven Bowls (15:5 - 16:21)
VII: Prostitute / Babylon (17:1 - 19:10) VIII: Seven judgements (19:11 - 21:8)
IX: Bride / Jerusalem (21:9 - 22:9) X: Epilogue (22:10-21)

The Bible

Pages which look at issues relevant to the whole Bible, such as the Canon of Scripture, as well as doctrinal and theological issues. There are also pages about the Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha and 'lost books' of the Old Testament.

Also included are lists of the quotations of the OT in the NT, and passages of the OT quoted in the NT.

Old Testament Overview

This is a series of six pages which give a historical overview through the Old Testament and the inter-testamental period, showing where each OT book fits into the history of Israel.

New Testament Overview

This is a series of five pages which give a historical overview through the New Testament, focusing on the Ministry of Jesus, Paul's missionary journeys, and the later first century. Again, it shows where each book of the NT fits into the history of the first century.

Introductions to Old Testament Books

This is an almost complete collection of introductions to each of the books in the Old Testament. Each contains information about the authorship, date, historical setting and main themes of the book.

Introductions to New Testament Books

This is a collection of introductions to each of the 27 books in the New Testament. Each contains information about the authorship, date, historical setting and main themes of the book.

Old Testament History

Information about the different nations surrounding Israel, and other articles concerning Old Testament history and the inter-testamental period.

New Testament History

Articles which give additional information about the history and culture of the first century, giving helpful background knowledge for the Gospels and Paul's travels.

Old Testament Studies

A series of articles covering more general topics for OT studies. These include a list of the people named in the OT and confirmed by archaeology. There are also pages to convert the different units of measure in the OT, such as the talent, cubit and ephah into modern units.

More theological topics include warfare in the ancient world, the Holy Spirit in the OT, and types of Jesus in the OT.

Studies in the Pentateuch (Gen - Deut)

A series of articles covering studies in the five books of Moses. Studies in the Book of Genesis look at the historical nature of the early chapters of Genesis, the Tower of Babel and the Table of the Nations.

There are also pages about covenants, the sacrifices and offerings, the Jewish festivals and the tabernacle, as well as the issue of tithing.

Studies in the Old Testament History Books (Josh - Esther)

Articles containing studies and helpful information for the history books. These include a list of the dates of the kings of Israel and Judah, a summary of the kings of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, and studies of Solomon, Jeroboam and Josiah.

There are also pages describing some of the historical events of the period, including the Syro-Ephraimite War, and the Assyrian invasion of Judah in 701 BC.

Studies in the Old Testament Prophets (Is - Mal)

Articles containing studies and helpful information for the OT prophets. These include a page looking at the way the prophets look ahead into their future, a page looking at the question of whether Satan is a fallen angel, and a page studying the seventy weeks of Daniel.

There are also a series of pages giving a commentary through the text of two of the books:
Isaiah (13 pages) and Daniel (10 pages).

New Testament Studies

A series of articles covering more general topics for NT studies. These include a list of the people in the NT confirmed by archaeology.

More theological topics include the Kingdom of God and the Coming of Christ.

Studies in the Four Gospels (Matt - John)

A series of articles covering various studies in the four gospels. These include a list of the unique passages in each of the Synoptic Gospels and helpful information about the parables and how to interpret them.

Some articles look at the life and ministry of Jesus, including his genealogy, birth narratives, transfiguration, the triumphal entry into Jerusalem, and the seating arrangements at the Last Supper.

More theological topics include the teaching about the Holy Spirit as the Paraclete and whether John the Baptist fulfilled the predictions of the coming of Elijah.

Studies in the Book of Acts and the New Testament Letters

A series of articles covering various studies in the Book of Acts and the Letters, including Paul's letters. These include a page studying the messages given by the apostles in the Book of Acts, and the information about the financial collection that Paul made during his third missionary journey.

More theological topics include Paul's teaching on Jesus as the last Adam, and descriptions of the church such as the body of Christ and the temple, as well as a look at redemption and the issue of fallen angels.

There are a series of pages giving a commentary through the text of five of the books:
Romans (7 pages), 1 Corinthians (7 pages), Galatians (3 pages), Philemon (1 page) and Hebrews (7 pages)

Studies in the Book of Revelation

Articles containing studies and helpful information for the study of the Book of Revelation and topics concerning Eschatology (the study of end-times).

These include a description of the structure of the book, a comparison and contrast between the good and evil characters in the book and a list of the many allusions to the OT. For the seven churches, there is a page which gives links to their location on Google maps.

There is a page studying the important theme of Jesus as the Lamb, which forms the central theological truth of the book. There are pages looking at the major views of the Millennium, as well as the rapture and tribulation, as well as a list of dates of the second coming that have been mistakenly predicted through history.

There is also a series of ten pages giving a detailed commentry through the text of the Book of Revelation.

Inductive Bible Study

These are a series of pages giving practical help showing how to study the Bible inductively, by asking a series of simple questions. There are lists of observation and interpretation questions, as well as information about the structure and historical background of biblical books, as well as a list of the different types of figures of speech used in the Bible. There is also a page giving helpful tips on how to apply the Scriptures personally.

Types of Literature in the Bible

These are a series of pages giving practical help showing how to study each of the different types of book in the Bible by appreciating the type of literature being used. These include historical narrative, law, wisdom, prophets, Gospels, Acts, letters and Revelation.

It is most important that when reading the Bible we are taking note of the type of literature we are reading. Each type needs to be considered and interpreted differently as they have different purposes.

Geography and Archaeology

These are a series of pages giving geographical and archaeological information relevant to the study of the Bible. There is a page where you can search for a particular geographical location and locate it on Google maps, as well as viewing photographs on other sites.

There are also pages with photographs from Ephesus and Corinth.

Early Church Fathers

These are a series of pages giving biographical information about some of the more significant early church fathers, such as Irenaeus, Origen and Tertullian, as well as some important groups and events in the first centuries of the church.

Artifacts in the British Museum relevant to Biblical studies

These are a series of pages describing artifacts in each gallery of the British Museum, which have a connection with the Bible.

Biblical Archaeology in Museums around the world

A page with a facility to search for artifacts held in museums around the world which have a connection with the Bible. These give information about each artifact, as well as links to the museum's collection website where available showing high resolution photographs of the artifact.

There is also page of photographs from the Israel Museum in Jerusalem of important artifacts.

Historical documents

These are a series of pages containing historical documents which give helpful information for Biblical studies. These include Hittite suzerainty treaties with a similar structure to the Book of Deuteronomy, different lists of the New Testament books and quotations from Josephus and other ancient writers.

Life Questions

These are a series of pages looking at some of the more difficult questions of Christian theology, including war, suffering, disappointment and what happens to those who have never heard the Gospel.

How to Preach

These are a series of pages giving a practical step-by-step explanation of the process of preparing a message for preaching, and how to lead a small group Bible study.

Information for SBS staff members

Two pages particularly relevant for people serving as staff on the School of Biblical Studies (SBS) in YWAM. One gives helpful instruction about how to prepare to teach on a book in the SBS. The other gives a list of recommended topics which can be taught about for each book of the Bible.