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Predicted dates of the Second Coming of Jesus through history

Julian Spriggs M.A.

Even though Jesus specifically stated that no one knows the date of his Second Coming (Mk 13:32), this has not stopped many people through the centuries attempting to predict the date of the end of the world.

I have found around three hundred different dates which have been predicted for the Second Coming or the end of the world. These stretch from the first century to the 21st century. This page lists a number of these. The sobering thought is that every single one of these was incorrect, as we are still here, and Jesus has not come back yet.

The First Century

There was a sense of the imminent second coming in the first century. Paul warned the Thessalonians around AD 50 not to be shaken or alarmed if they hear that the day of the Lord is already here (2 Thess 2:1-2). Peter described people as 'scoffers' in the mid 60's who questioned why the coming of Jesus was taking so long (2 Pet 3).

AD 180's - Montanists, or New Prophecy

Montanism grew from the teaching of Montanus in Phrygia as a reaction against a growing laxity in the established church. Two women, Priscilla and Maximilla left their husbands to follow him. They desired to see the use of spiritual gifts to continue, emphasising tongues and prophecy. Initially they were accepted as part of the church and later considered as heretical.

They expected the imminent end of the age and establishment of the millennium in Pepuza, a small village in Asia Minor. They had no hope for the current world and looked with contempt at efforts to change the present order. Maximilla, who was the last of their three prophets to die in AD 179, stated, "After me there is no more prophecy, but only the end of the world". (Armerding/Gasque p. 28)

AD 180's - Bishop in Pontus

Around the time of Montanus at least two bishops, one in Pontus and one in Syria, were expecting the early return of Christ. One bishop in Pontus declared that the last judgement would come in two years and those who believe him ceased to cultivate their fields and rid themselves of houses and goods. The bishop in Syria led his flock into the wilderness to meet Christ. (Latourette p.128-129).

AD 202 - During reign of Roman Emperor Septimus Severus

The Emperor Septimus Severus (193-211) made a decree in 202 forbidding people to become either Jews or Christians. The persecution was so strong in Egypt that many thought it was a sign of the last Antichrist.

AD 250 - Commodianus

Commodianus, who lived in Palestine, saw prophetic overtones to the persecution commanded by the emperor Decius (249-251). He listed seven persecutions that the church had suffered and likened them to the seven last plagues in the book of Revelation. The end of the world is at hand. Rome is the Antichrist, and this is the last persecution which represents the return of Nero. But Nero will be destroyed by a Jewish antichrist marching at the head of a Persian host. He in turn will be slain by angels and cast in to the lake of fire. The lost tribes will then return to Zion and God will come for judgement and to destroy the wicked. (Wand p.101)

AD 500 - Hippolytus and Augustine

Both Hippolytus (c 170 - c 236) and Augustine (354 - 430) believed in the 'Cosmic week'. Jesus had come in middle of sixth millennium, so they expected the end in AD 500.

Second coming in AD 1000

There are various legends about events leading up to the year 1000, but it is not easy to verify them.

One legend was that there was a mass conversion of whole population of Iceland at Midnight on 1st January 1000 to survive the expected judgement day. Another legend was that thousands sold their possessions and headed to Rome to await the end.

An ancient chronicler tells us that it was widely believed that Jesus would return at the end of the first 1000 years of Christianity. As the last decade of the first millennium dawned, there was great apprehension and anticipation. With the birth of the year AD 999 certain amazing things began to happen. People began to listen to their church with whole-hearted seriousness. There was no stealing; cheating became almost unknown; bakers gave their bread away free of charge, and there was a constant cycle of confessions, absolutions, and communion.

Another story, which may or may not be true, was that in Rome, as midnight neared on the last night of AD 999 masters and servants embraced. Offenders forgave each other. There was open repentance and godly sorrow for sin. In the old basilica of St. Peter, Pope Sylvester II performed midnight mass in silence. The church was crowded. Inside, a huge clock ticked once each second. The Pope prayed in silence. The worshippers lay face down, afraid to look up. Suddenly the clock stopped ticking. Hundreds shrieked. Some died of fright. The bell began to strike the midnight hour. Pope Sylvester raised his hands. All the bells rang at once. From the choir loft came the Te Deum Laudamus - to God be the glory!

AD 1147 - Gerard of Poehlde

Gerard taught that the thousand year reign of Christ began when the emperor Constantine came to power. From that he predicted that in 1147 Satan would be released from bondage and would conquer the church.

AD 1186 - The Letter of Toledo

This letter was claimed to have been written by the astrologers of Toledo and addressed to Pope Clement III. It predicted the end of the world would occur in September 1186. It said there would be wind and storms, drought and famine, pestilence and earthquake. The air would grow dark and a dreadful voice would be heard that would destroy the hearts of men. Coastal towns would be covered with sand and earth. All this would be triggered by a rare conjunction of the planets in the sign of the Scales and in the tail of the Dragon. People were advised to flee their homes and find safety in the mountains.

AD 1260 - Joachim of Fiore

Joachim (1132 - 1200) was from Calabria in Italy and became the abbot of the Cistercian Abbey at Corazzo, where he developed into a Bible teacher. He wrote a number of books including, 'The Book of the Harmony of the New and Old Testaments', 'An Exposition of the Apocalypse', and 'The Psaltery of Ten Strings'.

In his books, he divided history into the following three epochs based on the number 1260 from Rev 11:3 and 12:6:

1) The age of the Father (Petrine) - Creation to the birth of Christ
2) The age of the Son (Pauline) - the birth of Christ to 1260
3) The age of the Holy Ghost (Johannean) - beginning in 1260

The third epoch was to be a time of contemplation when all the world would become a vast monastery. This age would be preceded by the Antichrist, who he identified as the Papacy, which would be destroyed by the emperor. The empire would then be destroyed by the Saracens, who were the ten kings from the East, who would then be destroyed by the Tartars. An order of contemplative monks would take charge of the church and introduce a reform programme which would usher in the millennium, a time of rest and peace for all. (Armerding/Gasque p. 29)

After AD 1260 - Peter John Olivi

Olivi (1248-98), a teacher and theologian belonging to the Spiritual Franciscans, wrote a 'Commentary on the Apocalypse' in 1297, which was based on Joachim's works. The year 1260 had passed without incident, but some had seen Francis of Assisi as the leader of the new era of the Spirit, so Joachim's writings were revived and new dates calculated, especially after the Franciscans were persecuted by the church. (Armerding/Gasque p.30)

AD 1420 - The Taborites

These were extreme followers of Jan Hus from Bohemia. They took their name from Mount Tabor, where they believed Jesus foretold his second coming. They waited for the expected the end in 1420. When this failed to happen, they became a revolutionary movement, calling themselves the warriors of God. They controlled many towns in Bohemia until they were finally crushed in 1434. (Kyle p.52)

AD 1490's - Savonarola

Savonarola (1452-98) was a wandering prophet in Italy, predicting an imminent improvement on the earth before the final judgement. The social and political turmoil in Italy caused Savonarola to see the world as a battleground between good and evil. The last days were approaching with disaster for Florence and Italy, which would be averted if the people of Florence would repent. The coming antichrist would be defeated and the Turks and pagans would be converted. He saw Florence as Zion, the city of God, and himself as its prophet. He thought that Charles VIII of France was the last world emperor. He took control of Florence in 1494, before being defeated by the Medicis and being executed in 1498. (Kyle p.53)

AD 1528 - Hans Hut

Hut predicted the return of Christ at Pentecost in 1528. He gathered 144,000 elect saints to prepare for this.

AD 1533 - Melchior Hoffman

Melchior Hoffman (1498 - 1543) came from Swabia in south-western Germany was an Anabaptist missionary, who preached around Europe, including the Baltic region, Scandinavia, Holland. He was imprisoned in Strassburg for many years. He predicted that after his death, he would return with Christ in clouds of heaven in 1533, the wicked would be judged, and that the New Jerusalem would be set up in Strassburg. However, 1533 passed, with Hoffman still in prison. (Latourette p.781,783)

AD 1534 - Jan Matthys

Jan Beukelssen was an Anabaptist baker from Harlem in Holland, who believed that he was a prophet and that Münster, in Germany, where the Anabaptists had taken control and were attempting to establish a Christian society, would be the site of the New Jerusalem (Latourette p.783)

AD 1550's - Michael Servetus

Servetus (1511-53) was a Spaniard, and is primarily remembered for his conflict with Calvin. Because he denied the Trinity and rejected infant baptism he was condemned to death, and was burned at the stake in 1553. He also denounced predestination and believed that the millennial reign of Christ was about to begin. (Latourette p.759)

AD 1583 - Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn

This conjunction made the two planets appear to become one much brighter body, and produced many end-time anxieties. (Kyle p.65)

AD 1694 - Johann Heinrich Alsted

Alsted was a German Calvinist, who was Professor of Theology at Herborn, and a reformed representative at the Synod of Dort (1618). In his book 'The Beloved City', he calculated 1694 as the start of the Millennium and declared that the Thirty Years War, which had just started, signified the end of the age. His book had great influence in the reformed countries and on the Puritan revolution, particularly in England. (Armerding/Gasque p.30-33)

He calculated that adding 1290 (from Dan 12:11) to the date of the Fall of Jerusalem (AD 69) gave the year 1359. He then added 1335 (from Dan 12:12) to give the end of the millennium in 2694, which meant that the start of the millennium would be in the year 1694.

AD 1652 - Total eclipse of the sun

This was predicted to happen in March 1652, and sent apocalyptic shudders throughout Europe (Kyle p.65)

AD 1650's - Fifth Monarchy Men

During the rule of Oliver Cromwell (1649-1660), several groups existed who desired more radical reform than had existed under the Puritan government of Cromwell. The Fifth Monarchy Men believed that according to Biblical prophecy Christ was soon to return to establish on earth the 'Fifth Monarchy' in succession to the Assyrian, Persian, Greek and Roman empires, and that he would reign, with his saints, for a thousand years. They differed greatly among themselves, some wished to use force to establish the Fifth Monarchy, others wished to wait quietly for the coming of Christ. (Latourette p. 822)

They believed that the fifth and last monarchy, the reign of God would begin in England. The antichrist would be destroyed, England purified, and the kingdom of Christ would spread throughout the world. The English armies led by Oliver Cromwell would sweep through Europe and defeat the Pope. The Jews would return to the Holy Land and defeat the Turks. These events would happen between 1655 and 1657. (Kyle p.67)

One group tried to hasten the second coming by attacking the restored Stuart monarchy to prove to God that there was faith on earth, so Christ would return and establish the millennial reign in London. The attempt failed, the leaders were jailed or beheaded and the movement fizzled.

AD 1650 - Christopher Columbus

Columbus’s motivation for exploration was partly religious. He wanted to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean in order to reach Asia directly. He did not know that America was in between. Inspired by the earlier crusades, his plan was to conquer Asia and take wealth from there to finance a crusade to the Middle East to capture the Holy Land from the Muslims, which he will lead himself.

In order to persuade King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his fourth voyage to the 'Indies' he presented them with his 'Book of Prophecies'. From the Bible, he had predicted that the world will end in 1650, and before then he would lead a crusade to liberate Jerusalem.

The year 1666

Many combined 1000 (the millennium) with 666 (the mark of the beast) to arrive at the date 1666. 1666 was the year of the plague followed by the Great Fire of London. The Quaker George Fox wrote that in 1666, every thunderstorm aroused end-time expectations (Kyle p.67-68).

AD 1694 - John Mason

John Mason was an Anglican vicar, who used the writings of Archbishop James Ussher and Johann Alsted to calculate that the millennium would begin in 1694. Later he based his end-time predictions on the voices and visions that came to him. As time went on, he became increasingly bizarre, even insisting that he would not die. When he did die, his followers believed that he would rise on the third day. (Kyle p. 72)

AD 1697 - Thomas Beverly

Thomas Beverly was an Anglican vicar, who predicted the end would come in 1697. (Kyle p.72)

AD 1697 - Cotton Mather

Cotton and his father Increase were American Puritans, who considered the American Indians as being in league with the Antichrist. Basing his calculations on activities of the Turks and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, he first calculated the end to come in 1697. When this date passed, he quietly adjusted the time, first to 1736, then back to 1716. He naturally believed that the New Jerusalem would be located in New England, USA. (Kyle p.78-79)

AD 1700 - A French Prophet

A French prophet predicted the coming of Christ in 1700 to destroy Catholicism.

AD 1757 - Emanuel Swedenborg

The well-known Swedish mystic and scientist (1688-1772) claimed to have had a vision which carried him in to the spiritual world, where he had been able to see eternal truths. He believed that his writings were the dawn of a new age in the history of the world. He declared that the last judgement had occurred in 1757, and that the second coming had already been fulfilled spiritually.

AD 1789 - The French Revolution

Many English Bible interpreters thought that the French Revolution was the prophecies of Daniel chapter 7 and Revelation chapter 13 being fulfilled before their very eyes (Kyle p.72)

AD 1795 - Richard Brothers

Richard Brothers became convinced that God was speaking to him, and wrote several prophetic works in the 1790's, predicting that the millennium would begin in 1795. He believed that his lineage was divine and that he would lead the ten lost tribes back to Israel. In one prophecy he said that God wanted him to wear the crown of England. The government arrested him, and he spent the rest of his life in a lunatic asylum, where he planned the New Jerusalem (Kyle p.73)

AD 1830's - Catholic Apostolic Church (Irvingites)

Edward Irving (1792-1834) was a Presbyterian clergyman from Scotland, who preached in the Presbyterian church in London. He believed that the apostolic gifts of the early church were being revived, including speaking in tongues and healing. He also believed that the second coming of Christ was imminent. He was ejected from the Presbyterian church for heresy, but his views found a home in the Catholic Apostolic Church, founded in 1832. (Latourette p. 1184)

AD 1844 - Seventh Day Adventists (Millerites)

William Miller (1782-1849) was a farmer from Western Massachusetts. After 14 years of intensive Bible study, he calculated the second coming in 1843 or early 1844. After it didn't happen during that period, he re-calculated dates to 22nd October 1844. Many people were waiting in church on 22nd October, absolutely convinced that the Lord would appear during the service for all to see. His followers stayed together after the failed prediction and formed into the Seventh-Day Adventist Church. (Latourette p.1259)

His calculations were quite elaborate, but his key was Daniel 8:14, the 2,300 days before the sanctuary will be cleansed. He said this described the second coming of Jesus, which would purge the world of evil and usher in the millennium. Miller took the 2,300 days to mean 2,300 years starting from 457 BC, when Ezra and 1,700 Jews returned to Jerusalem. This linked with the seventy weeks of years in Dan 9:24, so he counted back 490 years from AD 33 (the crucifixion) to arrive at 457 BC. Miller added 2,300 years to 457 BC to reach 1843. (Kyle p.89-93)

AD 1860's - Hatley Frere

Frere taught that the Jews would be back in Palestine with a rebuilt temple in 1865, and that Roman Catholicism would be destroyed by 1864. He identified Louis Napoleon as the Antichrist. (Armerding/Gasque p.54)

AD 1874 - Jehovah's Witnesses

Charles Taze Russell (1852-1916), was the founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses. He believed that Christ came in invisible form in 1874, and millennium had begun. (Latourette p. 1260)

The Jehovah's Witnesses are the most persistent date setters. The following years have been set by their leaders: 1874, 1878, 1881, 1910, 1914, 1918, 1925 and 1984 (Kyle p.93)

AD 1940's - Leonard Sale Harrison

Harrison (c.1875-1956) was an Australian Bible teacher, who wrote a book titled 'The Resurrection of the Old Roman Empire' published in 1939, at the beginning of the Second World War. From the statue in Daniel chapter 2, he identified the Italian Government as a revived Roman empire, the final empire represented by the feet of the statue. He claimed that the clay represented the democratic socialists and the iron represented the fascists, calling for strong law and order, who would call for a strong ruler.

Mussolini was identified either as the Antichrist or as one who would precede the Antichrist. Harrison suggested that Mussolini's territorial conquests were an attempt to revive the Roman empire, and that Mussolini was copying Julius Caesar, attempting to establish a state cult with himself as the god. Even though he claimed not to approve of setting dates, he believed that the end would come in 1940 or 1941. (Armerding/Gasque p. 33-36)

AD 1988 - Edgar C. Whisenant

Whisenant wrote a book titled, '88 reasons why the rapture will be in 1988' which sold two million copies. He predicted the date of the rapture as being between the 11th and 13th September 1988. He reasoned that even though Jesus said that no one can know the day or the hour of his return, we can still know the month or the year. He even predicted the date of the beginning of World War III as 3rd October 1988.

He later wrote another book titled 'The Final Shout: Rapture Report 1989. What went wrong in 1988', explaining errors in his calculations.

AD 1988 - King Juan Carlos

Also in 1988, it was stated that King Juan Carlos of Spain would rise and lead the revised Roman Empire

AD 1992 - Dami Church Korea

Lee Jan Rim of the Dami Church in Korea predicted that the rapture would occur on 28th October 1992 when 144,000 believers would be taken up to heaven.

AD 1994 - Harold Camping

Harold Camping was the president of Family Radio in USA, predicted the world would end in September 1994. His book '1994?', and its sequel 'Are You Ready?' used his own elaborate, rather unorthodox, system of dating, numerology and allegory pointing to the second coming being in September 1994. Even after the date, Camping still believed that Christ would return soon.

AD 1997 - Mary Stewart Relfe

Relfe claimed that God spoke to her through dreams, and on his instructions she released a chart spelling out the divine timetable. World War III would break out in 1989. The great tribulation would begin in 1990. The United States would be totally destroyed several years before Armageddon, and Christ would return in 1997. She had a mid-tribulational plan, that the church would witness the rise of the Antichrist before being raptured midway through the tribulation. (Kyle p.121)

Other quotations: Lester Sumrall: World Harvest (Sept - Oct 1987) "At the 6000th year the Christ is to return and establish his Kingdom on planet earth. To the world this is terrifying. I predict that by 2000 A.D. that fateful day will arrive .." 2) People Identified as Antichrist or beast The Papacy as an institution, or various popes - standard protestant interpretation 1st Century: Caligula Judas Iscariot Betrayer of Jesus Nero 1st persecutor of church 13th Century Frederick II Hohenstaufen (1194 - 1250) - Emperor of Germany. Recaptured Jerusalem in 1229 where he crowned himself king. Many Germans believed that Frederick would return at the end of time and establish a rule of righteousness. The Papacy declared Frederick to be the antichrist. 17th Century: Patriarch Nikon of Russian Orthodox church (1605-81), became dominant in church, had conflicts with Tzar Alexis. People thought he was the beast, especially in year 1666. (Latourette p. 911-915) 18th century: George III In 1773, some Americans called George III of England the Antichrist. Someone calculated that in Greek & Hebrew the numerical equivalent of the letters in the words, "Royal Supremacy in Great Britain" = 666. 19th century: Napoleon Military successes Louis Napoleon (see Hatley Frere) 20th century: a) before 1945 Hitler Proclaimed himself "Saviour", and Himmler the Holy Spirit Mussolini (see Leonard Sale Harrison) Wilhelm II The German Kaiser was identified as Antichrist from Zech 11:17, because he was paralysed in one arm. (Dan Lewis notes on Zechariah) b) After 1945 Uri Andropov Soviet leader, and KGB chief Jim Bakker Prince Bernhard Willy Brant German Chancellor King Juan Carlos King of Spain, who would take over the Roman Empire Jimmy Carter Involvement in the Middle East. It was alleged that the tanks in his secret force were stamped with 666 Moshe Dayan Israeli hero of the 6-day war, had previously lost his left eye in action. Bill Gates Chairman of Microsoft. His name adds up to 666 in ASCII computer code! Mikhail Gorbachev Charisma, and birth-mark on forehead Karl Von Hapsburg Common market chief Saddam Hussein Because he was rebuilding Babylon. Is 21:1 talks about a storm coming from the desert, so this was interpreted as Operation Desert Storm in 1991, to free Kuwait from Iraqi forces. Saddam was also believed to be rebuilding Babylon, as the new world power (context) L.B. Johnson John .F.Kennedy Charisma, Roman Catholic faith, and assassinated in office. Some people expected him to rise from the dead. Henry Kissinger Peace initiatives in Middle East, and his name is supposed to add up to 666 Sun Myung Moon Founder and leader of the Moonies Richard Nixon Pope John Paul II Peace initiatives, and support of greater European economic and administrative co-operation. He was shot and survived. Pope John XXII Standard Protestant reasons, and personal charisma Pope Pius XII Moammar Qadhafi Supposed messianic credentials Ronald Reagan Each of his names have 6 letters!, and his house address in California was 666. Also as president, he was shot, and survived Pat Robertson Focus on Middle East, and hypnotized Jimmy Swaggart into an endorsement Anwar Sadat Charisma, and peace maker with Israel. When he reopened the Suez Canal in 1975, his ship had 666 on the bow. He was also assassinated Jimmy Swaggart Kurt Waldheim Reported Nazi affiliation, and U.N. General Secretary Institutions identified as forces of Antichrist The Common Market Communism Environmentalism Feminism The Global Economic System World bank code number is 666. Using 3 languages "VISA" can be made to add up to 666 (VI is Roman 6, 6 in Classical Greek looks like an "S", "A" in Babylonian has value 6) Islam Jews Roman Catholicism Liberal Protestantism Modern Technology The New Age Movement Peace organisations Rock music Socialism The Soviet Union

Sources

Carl E Armerding and W Ward Gasque - Handbook of Biblical Prophecy (Armerding/Gasque)
Richard Kyle - The Last Days are Here Again (Kyle)
Latourette - The History of Christianity (Latourette)
J.W.C. Wand - A History of the Early Church to AD 500 (Wand)

The Bible

Pages which look at issues relevant to the whole Bible, such as the Canon of Scripture, as well as doctrinal and theological issues. There are also pages about the Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha and 'lost books' of the Old Testament.

Also included are lists of the quotations of the OT in the NT, and passages of the OT quoted in the NT.

Why These 66 Books?
Books in the Hebrew Scriptures
Quotations in NT From OT
OT Passages Quoted in NT
History of the English Bible
Twelve Books of the Apocrypha
The Pseudepigrapha - False Writings
Lost Books Referenced in OT

Old Testament Overview

This is a series of six pages which give a historical overview through the Old Testament and the inter-testamental period, showing where each OT book fits into the history of Israel.

OT 1: Creation and Patriarchs
OT 2: Exodus and Wilderness
OT 3: Conquest and Monarchy
OT 4: Divided kingdom and Exile
OT 5: Return from Exile
OT 6: 400 Silent Years

New Testament Overview

This is a series of five pages which give a historical overview through the New Testament, focusing on the Ministry of Jesus, Paul's missionary journeys, and the later first century. Again, it shows where each book of the NT fits into the history of the first century.

NT 1: Life and Ministry of Jesus
NT 2: Birth of the Church
NT 3: Paul's Missionary Journeys
NT 4: Paul's Imprisonment
NT 5: John and Later NT

Introductions to Old Testament Books

This is an almost complete collection of introductions to each of the books in the Old Testament. Each contains information about the authorship, date, historical setting and main themes of the book.

Genesis Exodus Leviticus
Numbers Deuteronomy

Joshua Judges Ruth
1 & 2 Samuel 1 & 2 Kings Chronicles
Ezra & Nehemiah Esther

Job Psalms Proverbs

Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations
Ezekiel Daniel

Hosea Joel Amos
Obadiah Jonah Micah
Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah
Haggai Zechariah Malachi

Introductions to New Testament Books

This is a collection of introductions to each of the 27 books in the New Testament. Each contains information about the authorship, date, historical setting and main themes of the book.

Matthew's Gospel Mark's Gospel Luke's Gospel
John's Gospel

Book of Acts

Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians
Galatians Ephesians Philippians
Colossians 1 & 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy
2 Timothy Titus Philemon

Hebrews James 1 Peter
2 Peter 1 John 2 & 3 John
Jude

Revelation

Old Testament History

Information about the different nations surrounding Israel, and other articles concerning Old Testament history and the inter-testamental period.

Canaanite Religion
Israel's Enemies During the Conquest
Syria / Aram
The Assyrian Empire
Babylon and its History
The Persian Empire
The Greek Empire
The 400 Silent Years
The Ptolemies and Seleucids
Antiochus IV - Epiphanes

Old Testament Studies

A series of articles covering more general topics for OT studies. These include a list of the people named in the OT and confirmed by archaeology. There are also pages to convert the different units of measure in the OT, such as the talent, cubit and ephah into modern units.

More theological topics include warfare in the ancient world, the Holy Spirit in the OT, and types of Jesus in the OT.

OT People Confirmed by Archaeology
OT People Search
God the Creator
The Importance of Paradox
The Jewish Calendar
Holy War in the Ancient World
Talent Converter (weights)
Cubit Converter (lengths)
Ephah Converter (volumes)
The Holy Spirit in the OT
Types of Jesus in the OT

Studies in the Pentateuch (Gen - Deut)

A series of articles covering studies in the five books of Moses. Studies in the Book of Genesis look at the historical nature of the early chapters of Genesis, the Tower of Babel and the Table of the Nations.

There are also pages about covenants, the sacrifices and offerings, the Jewish festivals and the tabernacle, as well as the issue of tithing.

Are chapters 1-11 of Genesis historical?
Chronology of the Flood
Genealogies of the Patriarchs
What is a created kind?
Table of the Nations (Gen 10)
Tower of Babel (Gen 11:1-9)

Authorship of the Pentateuch
Chronology of the Wilderness Years
Names of God in the OT
Covenants in the OT
The Ten Commandments
The Tabernacle and its Theology
Sacrifices and Offerings
The Jewish Festivals
Balaam and Balak
Tithing
Highlights from Deuteronomy
Overview of Deuteronomy

Studies in the Old Testament History Books (Josh - Esther)

Articles containing studies and helpful information for the history books. These include a list of the dates of the kings of Israel and Judah, a summary of the kings of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, and studies of Solomon, Jeroboam and Josiah.

There are also pages describing some of the historical events of the period, including the Syro-Ephraimite War, and the Assyrian invasion of Judah in 701 BC.

Dates of the Kings of Judah and Israel
King Solomon
The Kings of Israel
King Jeroboam I of Israel
The Syro-Ephraimite War (735 BC)
Sennacherib's Invasion of Judah (701 BC)
The last years of Judah
King Josiah of Judah
Differences Between Kings and Chronicles
Chronology of the post-exilic period

Studies in the Old Testament Prophets (Is - Mal)

Articles containing studies and helpful information for the OT prophets. These include a page looking at the way the prophets look ahead into their future, a page looking at the question of whether Satan is a fallen angel, and a page studying the seventy weeks of Daniel.

There are also a series of pages giving a commentary through the text of two of the books:
Isaiah (13 pages) and Daniel (10 pages).

Prophets and the Future
The Call of Jeremiah (Jer 1)
The Fall of Satan? (Is 14, Ezek 28)
Daniel Commentary (10 pages)
Isaiah Commentary (13 pages)
Use of quotations of Isaiah in NT
Formation of the Book of Jeremiah
Daniel's Seventy Weeks (Dan 9:24-27)

New Testament Studies

A series of articles covering more general topics for NT studies. These include a list of the people in the NT confirmed by archaeology.

More theological topics include the Kingdom of God and the Coming of Christ.

NT People Confirmed by Archaeology
God the Creator
The Kingdom of God / Heaven
Parousia (Coming of Christ)
The Importance of Paradox
Use of quotations of Isaiah in NT

Studies in the Four Gospels (Matt - John)

A series of articles covering various studies in the four gospels. These include a list of the unique passages in each of the Synoptic Gospels and helpful information about the parables and how to interpret them.

Some articles look at the life and ministry of Jesus, including his genealogy, birth narratives, transfiguration, the triumphal entry into Jerusalem, and the seating arrangements at the Last Supper.

More theological topics include the teaching about the Holy Spirit as the Paraclete and whether John the Baptist fulfilled the predictions of the coming of Elijah.

Unique Passages in the Synoptic Gospels
The SynopticProblem
Genealogy of Jesus (Matt 1)
Birth Narratives of Jesus
Understanding the Parables
Peter's Confession and the Transfiguration
Was John the Baptist Elijah?
The Triumphal Entry
The Olivet Discourse (Mark 13)
Important themes in John's Gospel
John's Gospel Prologue (John 1)
Jesus Fulfilling Jewish Festivals
Reclining at Table at the Last Supper
The Holy Spirit as the Paraclete

Studies in the Book of Acts and the New Testament Letters

A series of articles covering various studies in the Book of Acts and the Letters, including Paul's letters. These include a page studying the messages given by the apostles in the Book of Acts, and the information about the financial collection that Paul made during his third missionary journey. More theological topics include Paul's teaching on Jesus as the last Adam, and descriptions of the church such as the body of Christ and the temple, as well as a look at redemption and the issue of fallen angels.

There are a series of pages giving a commentary through the text of five of the books:
Romans (7 pages), 1 Corinthians (7 pages), Galatians (3 pages), Philemon (1 page) and Hebrews (7 pages)

Apostolic Messages in the Book of Acts
Paul and His Apostleship
Collection for the Saints
The Church Described as a Temple
Church as the Body of Christ
Jesus as the Last Adam
Food Offered to Idols
Paul's Teaching on Headcoverings
Who are the Fallen Angels
The Meaning of Redemption
What is the Church?
Paul and the Greek Games

Romans Commentary (7 pages)

1 Corinthians Commentary (7 pages)

Galatians Commentary (3 pages)

Philemon Commentary (1 page)

Hebrews Commentary (7 pages)

Studies in the Book of Revelation

Articles containing studies and helpful information for the study of the Book of Revelation and topics concerning Eschatology (the study of end-times).

These include a description of the structure of the book, a comparison and contrast between the good and evil characters in the book and a list of the many allusions to the OT. For the seven churches, there is a page which gives links to their location on Google maps.

There is a page studying the important theme of Jesus as the Lamb, which forms the central theological truth of the book. There are pages looking at the major views of the Millennium, as well as the rapture and tribulation, as well as a list of dates of the second coming that have been mistakenly predicted through history.

There is also a series of ten pages giving a detailed commentry through the text of the Book of Revelation.

Introduction to the Book of Revelation
Characters Introduced in the Book
Structure of Revelation
List of Allusions to OT
The Description of Jesus as the Lamb
Virtual Seven Churches of Revelation
The Nero Redivius Myth
The Millennium (1000 years)
The Rapture and the Tribulation
Different Approaches to Revelation
Predicted Dates of the Second Coming

Revelation Commentary (10 pages)

How to do Inductive Bible Study

These are a series of pages giving practical help showing how to study the Bible inductively, by asking a series of simple questions. There are lists of observation and interpretation questions, as well as information about the structure and historical background of biblical books, as well as a list of the different types of figures of speech used in the Bible. There is also a page giving helpful tips on how to apply the Scriptures personally.

How to Study the Bible Inductively
I. The Inductive Study Method
II. Observation Questions
III. Interpretation Questions
IV. Structure of Books
V. Determining the Historical background
VI. Identifying Figures of Speech
VII. Personal Application
VIII. Text Layout

Types of Literature in the Bible

These are a series of pages giving practical help showing how to study each of the different types of book in the Bible by appreciating the type of literature being used. These include historical narrative, law, wisdom, prophets, Gospels, Acts, letters and Revelation.

It is most important that when reading the Bible we are taking note of the type of literature we are reading. Each type needs to be considered and interpreted differently as they have different purposes.

How to Understand OT Narratives
How to Understand OT Law
Hebrew Poetry
OT Wisdom Literature
Understanding the OT Prophets
The Four Gospels
The Parables of Jesus
The Book of Acts
How to Understand the NT Letters
Studying End Times (Eschatology)
The Book of Revelation

Geography and Archaeology

These are a series of pages giving geographical and archaeological information relevant to the study of the Bible. There is a page where you can search for a particular geographical location and locate it on Google maps, as well as viewing photographs on other sites.

There are also pages with photographs from Ephesus and Corinth.

Search for Geographical Locations
Major Archaeological Sites in Israel
Archaeological Sites in Assyria, Babylon and Persia
Virtual Paul's Missionary Journeys
Virtual Seven Churches of Revelation
Photos of the City of Corinth
Photos of the City of Ephesus

Biblical archaeology in museums around the world

A page with a facility to search for artifacts held in museums around the world which have a connection with the Bible. These give information about each artifact, as well as links to the museum's collection website where available showing high resolution photographs of the artifact.

There is also pages of photographs of important artifacts from the British Museum in London, the Louvre in Paris and the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.

Search Museums for Biblical Archaeology
British Museum Photos
Israel Museum Photos
Paris Louvre Photos

Difficult Theological and Ethical Questions

These are a series of pages looking at some of the more difficult questions of Christian theology, including war, suffering, disappointment and what happens to those who have never heard the Gospel.

Christian Ethics
Never Heard the Gospel
Is there Ever a Just War?
Why Does God Allow Suffering
Handling Disappointment

How to Preach

These are a series of pages giving a practical step-by-step explanation of the process of preparing a message for preaching, and how to lead a small group Bible study.

What is Preaching?
I. Two Approaches to Preaching
II. Study a Passage for Preaching
III. Creating a Message Outline
IV. Making Preaching Relevant
V. Presentation and Public Speaking
VI. Preaching Feedback and Critique
Leading a Small Group Bible Study

Information for SBS staff members

Two pages particularly relevant for people serving as staff on the School of Biblical Studies (SBS) in YWAM. One gives helpful instruction about how to prepare to teach on a book in the SBS. The other gives a list of recommended topics which can be taught about for each book of the Bible.

Teaching on SBS Book Topics for SBS